从今天开始，我想就我国太阳能光伏发电事业的发展谈谈个人的一点看法。
在讨论之前，我们先看看一国家对光伏发电的奖励政策。
PV financial incentives
The political purpose of PV financial incentives is to grow the photovoltaics industry even where the cost of PV is significantly above grid parity, to allow it to achieve the economies of scale necessary to reach grid parity. The policies are implemented to promote national energy independence, high-tech job creation and reduction of CO2 emissions.
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Mechanisms
Three incentive mechanisms are used (often in combination):
- Investment subsidies: the authorities refund part of the cost of installation of the system.
- feed-in tariffs/net metering: the electricity utility buys PV electricity from the producer under a multiyear contract at a guaranteed rate.
- Renewable Energy Certificates ("RECs")
With investment subsidies, the financial burden falls upon the taxpayer, while with feed-in tariffs the extra cost is distributed across the utilities' customer bases. While the investment subsidy may be simpler to administer, the main argument in favour of feed-in tariffs is the encouragement of quality. Investment subsidies are paid out as a function of the nameplate capacity of the installed system and are independent of its actual power yield over time, so reward overstatement of power, and tolerate poor durability and maintenance.
With feed-in tariffs, the financial burden falls upon the consumer. Reward the number of kilowatt-hours produced over a long period of time, but because the rate is set by the authorities may result in perceived overpayment. The price paid per kWh under a feed-in tariff exceeds the price of grid electricity. "Net metering" refers to the case where the price paid by the utility is the same as the price charged.
Where price setting by supply and demand is preferred, RECs can be used. In this mechanism, a renewable energy production or consumption target is set, an the consumer or producer is obliged to purchase renewable energy from whoever provides it the most competitively. The producer is paid via an REC. In principle this system delivers the cheapest renewable energy, since the lowest bidder will win. However uncertainties about the future value of energy produced are a brake on investment in capacity, and the higher risk increases the cost of capiatl borrowed.
The Japanese government through its Ministry of International Trade and Industry ran a successful programme of subsidies from 1994 to 2003. By the end of 2004, Japan led the world in installed PV capacity with over 1.1 GW.
In 2004, the German government introduced the first large-scale feed-in tariff system, under a law known as the 'EEG' (see below) which resulted in explosive growth of PV installations in Germany. At the outset the FIT was over 3x the retail price or 8x the industrial price. The principle behind the German system is a 20 year flat rate contract. The value of new contracts is programmed to decrease each year, in order to encourage the industry to pass on lower costs to the end users.
Subsequently Spain, Italy, Greece and France introduced feed-in tariffs. None have replicated the programmed decrease of FIT in new contracts though, making the German incentive relatively less and less attractive compared to other countries. The French FIT offers a uniquely high premium for building integrated systems.
In 2006 California approved the 'California Solar Initiative', offering a choice of investment subsidies or FIT for small and medium systems and a FIT for large systems. The small-system FIT of $0.39 per kWh (far less than EU countries) expires in just 5 years, and the residential investment incentive is overwhelmed by a newly required time-of-use tariff, with a net cost increase to new systems. All California incentives are scheduled to decrease in the future depending as a function of the amount of PV capacity installed.
At the end of 2006, the Ontario Power Authority (Canada) began its Standard Offer Program (http://www.powerauthority.on.ca/sop/), the first in North America for small renewable projects (10MW or less). This guarantees a fixed price of $0.42 CDN per kWh for PV and $0.11 CDN per kWh for other sources (i.e., wind, biomass, hydro) over a period of twenty years. Unlike net metering, all the electricity produced is sold to the OPA at the SOP rate. The generator then purchases any needed electricity at the current prevailing rate (e.g., $0.055 per kWh). The difference should cover all the costs of installation and operation over the life of the contract.
The price/kWh or kWp of the FIT or investment subsidies is only one of three factors that stimulate the installation of PV. The other two factors are insolation (the more sunshine, the less capital is needed for a given power output) and administrative ease of obtaining permits and contracts (Southern European countries are reputedly relatively complex)
译文如下：（本人翻译，请多指正。）
光伏财政奖励
即使光电成本是大大高于平网价格,因为政治目的，对光伏进行财政上的奖励, 使之达到平网价格，以促进太阳能电池业发展，达到规模经济. 该政策的实施,可以促进国家的能源自给,高科技创造就业机会和减少二氧化碳排放量.
目录
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机制
通常会采用3项激励机制(常常会组合实施):
- 投资补贴:政府退还系统安装的部分费用,,
- 价格补贴/净计量:电力公司根据一项多年合同，用保证电价从生产者购买光伏发的电能.
- 可再生能源证书(简称"REC")
以投资补贴方式,财政负担落在了纳税人头上。而与价格补贴产生的额外成本,则是分摊在电力公司客户的基础上. 投资补贴便于实施,而价格补贴主要着眼点有利于是鼓励发电的质量. 投资补贴的发放根据的是系统安装的铭牌容量，而没有考虑到随着时间的推移实际电能的产量,奖励系统的超过额定发出的电力，以及系统的耐久性和维修. 有一些电力公司对其客户提供折扣,例如得克萨斯州的奥斯汀能源公司就对已安装的光伏发电设施提供每瓦特4.50美元的折扣，最高达13,500美元.
价格补贴,财政负担落在消费者身上. 他们在一段很长的时间内要给（光伏）发电的很多的电能付费 ,但由于费率是权威机关决定了的,它可能会导致人们会感到超支了. 价格补贴中对光伏每千瓦时付出的补贴费高于电网供电的价格. "净计量"指的情况的电网公司所付出的价格是与要价相等.
这里，供需双方确定的价格关系是首要的,可以使用可再生能源证书（RECs）. 在这种机制下,可再生能源生产或消费的目标已经确定,一个消费者或生产者必须是从谁那里购买可再生能源，这才是最具竞争力的. 生产者是经由REC支付的. 原则上,由于价低者胜出,这项系统提供是最廉价的可再生能源. 然而，所产生的能源前景价值的不明确性是对投资的一种制约,具有较高的风险增加了风险投资的成本.
日本政府通过日本国际贸易和工业部运行了一个成功的补贴方案,从1994年至2003. 直到2004年底,日本领先于世界光伏发电，安装容量超过1.1兆瓦.
2004年,德国政府推出了第一个大型规模的价格补贴制度下,在一项称为‘EEG’法律(Erneuerbare Energien Gesetz)的支持之下,导致在德国光伏装置的安装*性的增长. 在FIT的输出端采用的是超过零售价3倍价格或工业价8倍的价格. 支持这套德国的价格补制度的规则,是20年统一费率的合同. 而新合同的规定的费率计划则是逐年下降,以鼓励工业部门通过努力以降低低转嫁给终端用户的费用. 该方案已经比预期更为成功,2006年就超出安装了1兆瓦光伏发电装置。并通过行政强制的方式,以降低补贴费率,以减轻消费者未来的负担.
随后,西班牙,意大利,希腊和法国引进价格补贴. 这些国家都没有仿效德国在新的合同中降低FIT的做法。虽然这些使德国人得到激励，与其他国家相比吸引力越来越少了. 法国的FIT单独采用了一个较高的补贴，对建筑集成系统补贴费为(0.55欧元/kwh). 加州,希腊,法国和意大利的太阳总辐射量都超过德国30-50%以上，这使他们在经济上更具吸引力.
2006年加州通过的‘加州太阳能倡议',提供了一个选择,投资补贴或对中小型系统的FIT,以及对一套大型系统的FIT. 小系统仅在5年期满后，补贴0.39元/每千瓦时(远远低于欧盟国家),而住宅投资的补贴增长被一种新的使用期限费率阻断了，对于新的太阳能系统，投资净成本有所增加. 所有加州补贴计划将要减少，视安装的太阳光伏发电能力而定.
在2006年底,安大略省电力局(加拿大),开始其标准补贴计划，首次在北美对小型可再生能源项目(10MW或更少)进行补贴. 这保证了固定补贴价格为0.42加元/每千瓦时，补贴期限超过20年. 不像净计量补贴,发出的所有电力全部按SOP费率出售给OPA. 发电者然后,按照目前现行的价格(例如,0.055元,每千瓦时)购买他们所需要的电力. 差额应包含安装的所有费用以及在合同有效期间运行费用.
每千瓦时的电费价格或FIT的峰值千瓦，或投资补贴，只是鼓励安装光伏系统三个因素之一. 另外两个因素是阳光辐射量（充足的阳光,可以对一定量的输出功率花费较少的投资)和行政管理，以便获取行政许可和合同. （南欧国家据说相对而言要复杂些）
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